Exposition Text

Definition and Function of Exposition Text

Exposition text or exposition text is divided into two, namely hortatory exposition and analytical exposition.

1. Hortatory Exposition

Hortatory exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement containing the problem / issue that is used as the theme of the writing, then supported by various arguments / statements and supporting evidence that can direct the reader to the author's point of view and closes with suggestions or recommendations from the author. of what should be done or happened in relation to the problem or issue presented earlier.

2. Analytical Exposition

Slightly different from a hortatory exposition, an analytical exposition is a type of exposition text that begins with a statement that shows the author's attitude, opinion, statement or position on the theme being discussed, then supported by various arguments and closes with an affirmation or restatement of the opinion stated at the beginning.

The function of the exposition text is to convince the reader or listener that the theme raised is interesting to discuss through the opinions or arguments presented.

Text Structure/ Generic Structure

1. Thesis: in the hortatory exposition this section will contain the issue or problem that will be raised, while in the analytical exposition this section will contain the position, opinion or attitude of the author.

2. Argument: contains the opinions / arguments that the author begins to explain. Both the hortatory exposition and analytical exposition have the same explanation in this section.

3. Reiteration: reiteration is a conclusion. In the hortatory exposition, it will contain recommendations or suggestions from the author on the problem that is the theme of the writing, while in the analytical exposition, this section will contain a re-statement from the author.

Elements of Language

1. Using the simple present tense

2. Many use conjunctions such as because of, so, therefore, the reason, and others.

3. Contains arguments.

4. Many use words that contain cause and effect

5. Using vocabulary that can evoke emotions in readers such as: amused, concerned, innocent, monster, unreasonable etc.

Example of Exposition Text

Cars and Accidents

Car is the most popular transportation. However, there are many different causes of car accidents in streets.

Sometimes accidents are caused by bad weather. Ice or snow can make toads very dangerous. Accidents also can result from problems with the car.

Even a small problem like a flat tire can be serious. Bad roads are another cause of accidents.

Some accidents are caused by drinking too much alcohol.

Knowing some factor causing accident is extremely important to prevent accident while driving.

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Narrative Text

What is narrative text? Narrative text is a text that contains imaginary stories, fairy tales, or true stories that have been exaggerated. Usually there is a moral value to be learned at the end of the story.

The purpose of this text is to entertain the reader about a story or stories written by the author and at the same time imply a moral message to be conveyed to the reader.

Types of narrative text:

1. Adventure stories

2. Fables : Stories whose characters are animals, but show human-like behavior such as talking.

3. Fairy-stories : Stories that are generally fantasy or full of magic.

4. Historical narratives

5. Horror stories

6. Legends : The stories told are based on facts, but the characters don't really exist.

7. Myth : The story tries to explain about the world and how we should react to it.

8. Mysteries

9. Science fiction

10. Slice of life

Narrative Text Features

1. The tenses used are those that show events in the past > Past Tense.

2. Adverbs of time which are commonly used at the beginning of sentences, such as long time ago, once, one, once upon a time.

3. There are snippets of conversation between characters.

4. The use of adjectives (adjectives) to provide a more detailed description in the form of phrases (noun phrases).

Narrative Text Structure

There are 3 frameworks of narrative text (generic structure of narrative text) when we write, namely Orientation, Complication, and Resolution. But usually there are several options when we compose a narrative text.

1. Orientation : In this paragraph we introduce the core of the story, the characters/characters, the place, as well as the time of the story that we want to write.

2. Complications : In this section, we can write down the conflicts in the story to its climax. In writing a conflict there are also 4 different things, namely:

a. Physical: marked by physical conflict between characters.

b. Natural: marked by conflicts between characters and things related to natural forces.

c. Social: marked by a meeting between figures, but have different interests.

d. Psychological: characterized by a conflict within oneself between choosing good or bad things, being arrogant or humble, also being greedy or not.

3. Evaluation : This section is optional, usually contains an insertion of an assessment or evaluation of the story or the existing conflict.

4. Resolution : In this section we can show the solution or resolution of the existing conflict. The ending can be happy or sad. However, the writer can play this part by giving other problems that make the reader curious. Usually this curiosity is deliberately raised in the mystery story type.

5. Re-orientation : The last part of the narrative text is also optional. As writers, we can provide moral messages, suggestions, or lessons in the closing section for readers who come from the story

Elements of Language (The Characteristics/ Language Feature)

The following are the linguistic elements of Narrative Text / The Characteristics / Language Feature of Narrative Text:

1. Past tense: (Killed, drunk, went, won, sent, etc.)

2. Adverb of time: (Once upon a time, today, one day, will, yesterday, later, etc.)

3. Time conjunctions: (When, then, suddenly, before, after, until, a soon as, etc.)

4. Specific character / use of specific story characters, not general. (Cinderella, Alibaba, Snow White, Tangled, Ariel, etc.)

5. Action verbs / verbs that show an action: (Killed, walked, wrote, stayed, dug, etc) 

6. Read direct speech to make the story seem more alive (Direct speech). (Princess said,"My name is Princess) Direct speech uses the present tense.

7. Saying and thinking verbs: Verbs that show speech or reporting. (Said, told, thought, etc).

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Biography Part 1 - 3

Definition of Biography Text

A biography is a story or information about a person's life. A biography is more complex than just a resume and data on a person's work, it also tells about the feelings involved in experiencing these events. The biography describes in full the life of a character from childhood to old age, even to death. All services, works, and everything that is produced or done by a character is also clarified. The biographical text was composed by others, not by myself.

Biography consists of two words, namely: Bios which means Life, Graphia which means writing.

 

Function of Biography

1. To know a person's story about his/her life outside of any accomplishments this person may be known for.

2. To give much information easily and educate the readers.

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Characteristics of Biography

1.Biography is not written by subject and always written in the third person.

The biographical text is not made by the person whose life is being told, but is told by someone else in the third person point of view.

2. Based on research.

The text is made based on the facts of a character's life experience containing the story or story of a character in navigating his life, whether it is in the form of advantages, problems or drawbacks written by other people so that they should be exemplary.

3. Describes the person's surroundings (where, when and how the person lived).

Telling in detail about the information about the characters told which include W/H Questions (What, Where, When, Why, How)

4. Use vivid language to narrate events.

The use of language must be clearly applied in a biographical text. In order to avoid errors in the information presented.

 

Generic Structure

1. Orientation (Introduction)

It is the opening paragraph, gives the readers the background information of the person.

Usually contains narrated biodata such as full name, place and date of birth. Some general information can also be presented in this section as an introduction to the characters.

2. Events

In events, should be in chronological order.

This stage is part of the events or events experienced by the character. Contains an explanation of a story in the form of problem solving, career processes, and various events that have been experienced by the character to lead him to a success.

3. Re-Orientation (Closing)

It consists of a conclusion or comment or the writer. Tell about the achievement or the contribution of the person.

In closing, this section contains the author's view of the characters being told. This reorientation is optional, which means the author can give his personal view on the character being told or the author does not give his personal view on the character being told, which is not an important matter.

 

Grammar and Language Features

1. Simple Past Tense

Simple Past Tense is the main menu in making Biography Text. A simple form of an event that happened in the past. Use the second form of the verb (verb 2).

Example :

[ ] Harry Edward Styles was born in Redditch, Worcestershire on 1 February 1994.

[ ] He is the son of Anne Cox (née Selley) and Desmond “Des” Styles, who worked in finance.

[ ] Many of his ancestors were farm laborers in Norfolk.

[ ] Styles was raised in Holmes Chapel, Cheshire after his parents moved there along with his older sister, Gemma, when he was a child.

[ ] He attended Holmes Chapel Comprehensive School.

 

2. Temporal Sequence and Temporal Conjunction.

As a liaison between one sentence with another sentence in the order of time.

[ ] Temporal Sequence (sequence of time)

[ ] Temporal Conjunction (temporal conjunction).

Example: Styles' parents divorced when he was seven and his mother later was remarried to Robin Twist; he died in 2017

 

3. Focus on Specific participants

Use of Action verbs.

Explaining something that the character is actively doing by using some verbs in V2 or Past Form.

Example:

[ ] Styles launched his own record label, Erskine Records, in May and he signed a recording contract with Columbia Records as a solo artist, the same label behind One Direction, in June.

[ ] Styles wrote the song “Someday” in collaboration with Meghan Trainor for Michael Bublé's album Nobody but Me, released in October.

 

Types of Biography

1. Short Biography (focuses only on highlights of a person's life)

2. Long Biography (about life and times of someone in a lot more detail)

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